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welcome back to the mad scientist

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podcast sorry for the long delay in

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episodes I've been in San Francisco for

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a conference presenting some of my

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slightly less Ghost related research

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work and in basically writing this

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episode and snippets aside tour the area

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go to technical sessions and eat a

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comically large amount of Mexican and

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Japanese food I wanted to have one ready

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before leaving but in between getting

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final poster drafts ready planning to

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help out at the conference itself and

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making sure that the students from my

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lab that came with me to this thing

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didn't die falling off cliffs or

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wandering into traffic it's been a crazy

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few weeks one really cool thing that's

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happened this week though is I've been

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featured as a guest lecturer in the

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webcomic surviving the world published

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by my friend Dante Shepard so if you

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want to get a look at what this mad

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scientist looks like head on over to the

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website and take a look I'm working my

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way towards being mistaken for Bigfoot

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when I go hiking so let me know how you

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think that's progressing one other thing

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I've got to mention this episode is the

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results of the recent election in the

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United States my home country now

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regardless of my political views my

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scientific knowledge and training makes

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these election results pretty chilling

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battling climate change is one of the

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primary areas of interest for me and top

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applications for my work and the stuff I

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work on in my real job focuses on

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capturing and converting carbon dioxide

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as well as green energy and nano

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materials for energy systems in general

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the election of mr. Trump hurts these

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goals without question

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he's a climate change denier in a foe of

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science generally not to mention his

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even more shockingly insane running mate

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believing in most of the wacky that

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the majority of the world left behind

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after the Renaissance being religious is

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a personal choice and conviction one

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that scientifically and philosophically

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I don't believe that we can touch

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ultimately but Mike Pence's continued

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refusal to keep the world of religion

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separate from the world of political

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affairs and scientific progress is a

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really hard thing for me to accept I'd

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be lying if I didn't say that this

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election feels a little bit like a slap

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in the face of my career and love of

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science generally

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a rebuke of the intellectualism that is

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created and continues to create a huge

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amount of jobs and status for the United

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States whereas we used to strive to

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become scientists and astronauts telling

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our children that to go to school and

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learn was something that would make

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their lives better I fear that this

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country has begun to polarize and

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politicize learning and scientific

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thinking I know I'm not the only

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scientist who has relatives that believe

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their work is a naive millennial fantasy

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or that the specialized training I've

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received to become more knowledgeable in

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the fields that the general public may

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not even know exist as actually turned

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me into a secret Bolshevik hiding my

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communistic tendencies behind a veil of

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environmental and social concerns

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striving for knowledge and creating

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things was once considered a patriotic

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duty and yet in today's world the

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institutions that create the materials

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and technology that make the United

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States a center for advancement in the

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world are looked upon with distrust

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those intellectuals with their noses in

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the air looking down from their ivory

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towers on the real America whose jobs

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are going overseas and whose kids are

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joining the military and dying to

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protect countries that they'd never

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given go to otherwise but science in the

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heartland are connected with the

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advances made in the lab helping to make

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farming more efficient or lessening our

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reliance on foreign oil so gas prices

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can stabilize or keeping you out of the

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coal mines that poisoned your land and

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gave cancer to your grandparents we're

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creating new materials that protect your

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kids when they go overseas to fight for

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all of us the United States needs

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science and scientists and I implore my

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listeners to not forget just how much of

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this country's prosperity and ingenuity

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has come from the same places that we

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are now being told to disdain and fear

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frankly the jobs that people are worried

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about having left this country have left

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here for good technological advancements

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have many after-effects and some of

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these include automation and

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improvements in efficiency that make

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having a factory producing a hundred

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units a day using human labor no longer

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an option but scientific advancement has

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before and will continue to create jobs

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I have faith that our country will

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continue to rebound from the economic

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downturn but I hope that our fear of job

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losses in places primarily taken over by

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robotics and automation will not end up

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stifling progress that could create work

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for people still hurting from the Great

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Recession finally and this is the last

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serious where it'll have on this

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election is the issue of immigration

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besides the people coming here to make

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better lives for their families or to

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escape persecution in their home

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countries there are a huge amount of

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immigrants here making important

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contributions to fields such as medicine

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energy infrastructure aerospace

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transportation and many others during my

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PhD I have met uncountable numbers of

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phenomenal hard-working kind and

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intelligent people who have come to the

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u.s. to learn and live as masters or

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doctoral students to think that some of

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them are now afraid to be sent back to

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their home countries before their

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studies can conclude or that the already

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difficult task of seeing in the u.s.

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after graduation we actually become more

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difficult because of an election is

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heartbreaking we should be embracing

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these students who come here to learn

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letting them stay in this country to use

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their talents and knowledge to improve

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all of our lives if they want to stay to

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allow it to continue to be so difficult

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for them to work in the US and to think

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that it may actually get harder is

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ridiculous and to be absolutely blunt

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about it insanely stupid if you're smart

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enough to get a PhD or masters in the

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United States you should be a desired

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asset to this country all right and

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political rant begin paranormal science

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wacky stuff rate one hilariously

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misunderstood part of science in the

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popular mind is quantum mechanics people

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love to talk about it philosophize on it

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and come up with ways that it lets them

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skirt around all sorts of hard

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scientific truths that seem to make some

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of our more creative paranormal claims

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fall on their heads but quantum physics

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really isn't all that complicated at

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least if you take all the scary math out

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of the way conceptually quantum is

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something that pretty much everyone can

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understand at least I tend to think so

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and it's something that sort of works

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very well with analogy

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as opposed to some other less popularly

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talked about but more difficult to

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explain fields of physics and chemistry

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such as thermodynamics I mean everyone

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knows when an electron is but if you can

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find more than one person in a room of

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scientists who is really confident that

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they understand how fugacity works then

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I'd bet you'd wandered into a Nobel

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Prize winners luncheon or something and

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even then I bet a few of them are faking

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it quantum mechanics has been used to

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explain all kinds of weird things from

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teleportation to multiple but distinct

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universes to ghosts and angels and

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heaven and hell and of course the

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question of aliens and time travel the

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breadth of paranormal stuff that has

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been explained using what began as a way

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to understand why experiments with light

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beams weren't working out the way we

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thought has really only increased with

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time but is quantum mechanics a good fit

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for any of these paranormal claims or is

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it just the next in an unending line of

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novel scientific fields used to justify

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our magical ways of thinking do ghosts

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made out of quantum mechanical stuff

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hold any more water than ghosts made out

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of spiritual stuff what the heck is

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quantum mechanics anyways all of this

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and more in this week's super special

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mega episode welcome to the mad

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scientist podcast tonight's episode

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if understanding quantum mechanics makes

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you a wizard

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then consider me

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[Music]

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to begin with I think a general outline

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of quantum mechanics what it is and what

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it isn't is important so our

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understanding of quantum mechanics

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really comes from our understanding of

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the atomic structure of matter this

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effort began in ancient Greece really

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with philosophers such as democratise

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positing various basic pieces that make

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up everything some argued that these

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things were made up of elements like

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fire and water earth and wind but others

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got pretty close to how we currently

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understand things

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Democritus in fact thought that

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everything was composed of fundamental

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particles that he called atoms which

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made up everything in different

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combinations he also thought that things

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contained primarily atoms and then voids

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where atoms were not I mean he got

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comically close considering that this

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was at the same time that the average

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citizen was drinking wine laced with

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lead because they made the drink taste

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significantly sweeter anyways atomic

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structure didn't get too much more

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refined until the time of John Dalton

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who in 1803 proposed what we term as an

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atomic theory basically saying that the

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elements were composed of discrete

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packets of mass and could be described

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by their mass primarily Dmitri Mendeleev

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then used a similar sort of idea to

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develop the periodic table in 1869 he

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grouped the elements known at that time

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together into seven groups with similar

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source of properties only to find out

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that these properties seemed to

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periodically vary with their mass this

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is partially why the periodic table is

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set up the way it is and we now know

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that this periodic variation is actually

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caused by the changes in their electron

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density and the number of protons and

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neutrons the atom has so okay in 1873

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James Maxwell then proposed that there

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must be some electromagnetic part of the

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atom as well and in 1879 Sir William

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Crookes all but proved this by the use

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of a cathode ray tube a cathode ray tube

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is basically a long tube where you could

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generate electrons to shoot at a surface

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by electrically stimulating some piece

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of matter that was held on one end he

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is to see that whatever was coming out

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of the tube seemed to be negatively

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charged and that the flight path seemed

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to suggest that there must have some

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00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:35,889
mass to this charge as well this is

278
00:10:34,690 --> 00:10:39,250
really one of the first experiments

279
00:10:35,889 --> 00:10:41,049
where we started looking at electrons GJ

280
00:10:39,250 --> 00:10:43,690
Stoney then proposed that these pieces

281
00:10:41,049 --> 00:10:47,889
must be discrete particles and he called

282
00:10:43,690 --> 00:10:50,290
them electrons after the discovery of

283
00:10:47,889 --> 00:10:52,329
the cathode ray tube and specifically

284
00:10:50,289 --> 00:10:54,189
that atom seemed to give off energy when

285
00:10:52,328 --> 00:10:56,588
certain sorts of other energy were

286
00:10:54,190 --> 00:10:59,560
supplied to them things really started

287
00:10:56,589 --> 00:11:01,870
to take off people like Rutherford the

288
00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:04,179
Curie's and rongkhun to name a few of

289
00:11:01,870 --> 00:11:06,730
the big ones started making tests of

290
00:11:04,179 --> 00:11:08,799
radioactivity finding that one could

291
00:11:06,730 --> 00:11:12,339
also remove positive or neutral charges

292
00:11:08,799 --> 00:11:14,588
from an atom in 1900 Max Planck

293
00:11:12,339 --> 00:11:17,050
postulated the idea of a quanta or

294
00:11:14,589 --> 00:11:20,529
discrete piece of energy that could be

295
00:11:17,049 --> 00:11:21,969
removed from this atomic Center these

296
00:11:20,528 --> 00:11:23,679
were eventually moved to basically

297
00:11:21,970 --> 00:11:25,800
describe all pieces of the atomic

298
00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:28,688
structure really so everything is now

299
00:11:25,799 --> 00:11:31,778
pretty much considered to be a quanta of

300
00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:34,028
energy the next really big change

301
00:11:31,778 --> 00:11:36,370
happened in 1911 with ernst rutherford

302
00:11:34,028 --> 00:11:38,588
again he used what is now known as the

303
00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:40,769
gold foil experiment to find that the

304
00:11:38,589 --> 00:11:43,389
atom is composed mostly of empty space

305
00:11:40,769 --> 00:11:45,459
with a very small but heavily charged

306
00:11:43,389 --> 00:11:47,769
center to do this

307
00:11:45,458 --> 00:11:50,138
he shot electrons at a very thin film of

308
00:11:47,769 --> 00:11:51,789
gold and found that the majority of the

309
00:11:50,139 --> 00:11:53,769
electrons just shot right through to the

310
00:11:51,789 --> 00:11:55,500
back suggesting that they were not

311
00:11:53,769 --> 00:11:58,299
coming into contact with anything

312
00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,328
however in some places the electrons

313
00:11:58,299 --> 00:12:02,078
would bounce back seemingly at random

314
00:12:00,328 --> 00:12:05,528
suggesting that they were hitting a

315
00:12:02,078 --> 00:12:07,149
positively charged mass at this point we

316
00:12:05,528 --> 00:12:09,159
all have some vague idea about what an

317
00:12:07,149 --> 00:12:12,129
atom looks like what its structure is

318
00:12:09,159 --> 00:12:13,659
and how it operates but no one had

319
00:12:12,129 --> 00:12:15,730
really developed a working model of the

320
00:12:13,659 --> 00:12:17,528
atom something that could explain all of

321
00:12:15,730 --> 00:12:19,300
the radioactive and electron shooting

322
00:12:17,528 --> 00:12:20,799
properties used to find out so much

323
00:12:19,299 --> 00:12:21,659
about atomic structure in the first

324
00:12:20,799 --> 00:12:23,919
place

325
00:12:21,659 --> 00:12:26,828
finally Niels Bohr developed a working

326
00:12:23,919 --> 00:12:28,179
model in the early 20th century which

327
00:12:26,828 --> 00:12:31,179
basically described the atom like a

328
00:12:28,179 --> 00:12:33,849
solar system in this model you had your

329
00:12:31,179 --> 00:12:36,609
nucleus consisting of protons only at

330
00:12:33,850 --> 00:12:38,430
this point around the nucleus circled

331
00:12:36,610 --> 00:12:40,560
electrons in concentric

332
00:12:38,429 --> 00:12:43,289
much like how the planets circle the Sun

333
00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:44,669
in different orbits now the electrons

334
00:12:43,289 --> 00:12:46,889
would be more strongly held to the

335
00:12:44,669 --> 00:12:48,839
nucleus the closer their ring was to the

336
00:12:46,889 --> 00:12:50,490
nucleus itself due to the fact that

337
00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:54,120
electrons are negative and the nucleus

338
00:12:50,490 --> 00:12:56,669
is positive it was also found that

339
00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:58,409
certain rings contained it was also

340
00:12:56,669 --> 00:13:00,599
found that each ring contained different

341
00:12:58,409 --> 00:13:02,069
numbers of electrons based on how much

342
00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,100
energy it took to actually strip away

343
00:13:02,070 --> 00:13:07,020
electrons from the Rings so the ring

344
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:10,889
closest to the nucleus had two electrons

345
00:13:07,019 --> 00:13:12,779
the next ring out had eight then 18 with

346
00:13:10,889 --> 00:13:16,169
increasing numbers in each ring as it

347
00:13:12,779 --> 00:13:19,129
kept going out this in totality is known

348
00:13:16,169 --> 00:13:21,299
as the Bohr model of atomic structure

349
00:13:19,129 --> 00:13:23,450
what made things weird was that this

350
00:13:21,299 --> 00:13:25,139
model couldn't explain certain atoms

351
00:13:23,450 --> 00:13:27,360
specifically those that had higher

352
00:13:25,139 --> 00:13:29,250
atomic numbers which as we all remember

353
00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:31,350
from the episode on nuclear monsters

354
00:13:29,250 --> 00:13:33,629
means higher numbers of protons and

355
00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:35,639
neutrons and this model could also not

356
00:13:33,629 --> 00:13:36,870
explain the transition elements which

357
00:13:35,639 --> 00:13:39,480
showed electrically conducting

358
00:13:36,870 --> 00:13:41,370
properties so when something is a

359
00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:43,019
transition element it has electrons that

360
00:13:41,370 --> 00:13:45,330
are actually lower in energy than those

361
00:13:43,019 --> 00:13:48,269
in the highest sub shell then in the

362
00:13:45,330 --> 00:13:50,220
Bohr model would be the farthest away in

363
00:13:48,269 --> 00:13:51,480
other words when studying how electrons

364
00:13:50,220 --> 00:13:53,790
are removed from a transition element

365
00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:55,440
when we find that more electrons are

366
00:13:53,789 --> 00:13:58,730
easily removed then should be possible

367
00:13:55,440 --> 00:14:00,780
from just the highest concentric orbital

368
00:13:58,730 --> 00:14:02,789
another problem with that Bohr's model

369
00:14:00,779 --> 00:14:04,980
applied the same physics that we applied

370
00:14:02,789 --> 00:14:07,769
to planets circling a star as so

371
00:14:04,980 --> 00:14:10,200
electrons circling the nucleus so for

372
00:14:07,769 --> 00:14:12,210
example when a planet circles a star it

373
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:14,879
is being accelerated and D accelerated

374
00:14:12,210 --> 00:14:16,680
by the gravity of the star with momentum

375
00:14:14,879 --> 00:14:20,549
being converted into potential energy

376
00:14:16,679 --> 00:14:22,589
and vice versa as it orbits thankfully

377
00:14:20,549 --> 00:14:24,479
for us the planets are in a special sort

378
00:14:22,590 --> 00:14:25,370
of orbit or they aren't being pulled any

379
00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:27,570
closer

380
00:14:25,370 --> 00:14:29,850
but electrons aren't just losing

381
00:14:27,570 --> 00:14:31,680
momentum around a nucleus they're also

382
00:14:29,850 --> 00:14:34,440
losing energy waves in the form of radio

383
00:14:31,679 --> 00:14:36,689
emissions so according to Bohr's model

384
00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:38,570
of these electrons as they spin around

385
00:14:36,690 --> 00:14:40,620
the nucleus and lose radio waves a

386
00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:42,750
mathematical model they're orbiting the

387
00:14:40,620 --> 00:14:45,389
nucleus and the loss of energy via radio

388
00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:47,070
wave emission suggests that they would

389
00:14:45,389 --> 00:14:48,639
have to eventually collapse into the

390
00:14:47,070 --> 00:14:50,410
nucleus itself

391
00:14:48,639 --> 00:14:52,088
there just isn't enough energy to let

392
00:14:50,409 --> 00:14:53,828
them keep going in the same way that

393
00:14:52,089 --> 00:14:56,829
have planted in equilibrium with a star

394
00:14:53,828 --> 00:14:59,500
can but electrons don't fall into the

395
00:14:56,828 --> 00:15:03,399
nucleus at all so this was a pretty big

396
00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:05,078
problem for Bohr really the primary nail

397
00:15:03,399 --> 00:15:07,059
in the coffin for Bohr's model were the

398
00:15:05,078 --> 00:15:09,609
various experiments also going on in

399
00:15:07,059 --> 00:15:12,309
physics laboratories at the time or

400
00:15:09,610 --> 00:15:15,459
developed his model around 1915 to 1922

401
00:15:12,309 --> 00:15:17,919
and in the ensuing 10 years we learned a

402
00:15:15,458 --> 00:15:19,899
huge amount about the atom and its

403
00:15:17,919 --> 00:15:21,389
pieces that basically made his model

404
00:15:19,899 --> 00:15:24,159
completely obsolete

405
00:15:21,389 --> 00:15:25,990
first off de Broglie discovered that

406
00:15:24,159 --> 00:15:28,449
electrons actually seemed to exist as

407
00:15:25,990 --> 00:15:31,480
both waves and particles simultaneously

408
00:15:28,450 --> 00:15:33,310
an even weirder they seem to change from

409
00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:36,430
one to the other depending on what sort

410
00:15:33,309 --> 00:15:38,229
of experiment you're running the most

411
00:15:36,429 --> 00:15:39,458
famous example of this sort of result is

412
00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:43,450
what is known as the double slit

413
00:15:39,458 --> 00:15:44,859
experiment so we're gonna do something

414
00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:47,740
that Einstein used to call a thought

415
00:15:44,860 --> 00:15:50,769
experiment which by the way Einstein was

416
00:15:47,740 --> 00:15:52,870
working during this time - in fact one

417
00:15:50,769 --> 00:15:54,669
of the coolest like battles of the

418
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:56,860
scientific geniuses heavy metal music

419
00:15:54,669 --> 00:16:00,490
constantly in the background rivalries

420
00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:02,139
was between Einstein and Bohr although

421
00:16:00,490 --> 00:16:04,269
really it was more of a friendly

422
00:16:02,139 --> 00:16:06,720
bromance where two competing geniuses

423
00:16:04,269 --> 00:16:09,730
had differing opinions on atomic models

424
00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:11,379
you know that classic brain meets brain

425
00:16:09,730 --> 00:16:14,829
love story that we've all had in our

426
00:16:11,379 --> 00:16:17,500
lives so far Einstein in fact said in a

427
00:16:14,828 --> 00:16:19,989
letter to Bohr quote not often in life

428
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:23,879
has a human being caused me such joy by

429
00:16:19,990 --> 00:16:27,959
his mere presence as you did end quote

430
00:16:23,879 --> 00:16:31,110
Einstein loves Bohr

431
00:16:27,958 --> 00:16:33,338
alright so double slit experiment

432
00:16:31,110 --> 00:16:36,220
basically imagine you have an electron

433
00:16:33,339 --> 00:16:38,399
gun set up so that it'll shoot at random

434
00:16:36,220 --> 00:16:40,660
directions forward over a certain angle

435
00:16:38,399 --> 00:16:42,250
so the field of possible shooting

436
00:16:40,659 --> 00:16:44,078
locations goes a little bit to the left

437
00:16:42,250 --> 00:16:46,419
and a little bit to the right of the

438
00:16:44,078 --> 00:16:48,039
center position and with each shot it

439
00:16:46,419 --> 00:16:51,458
will go in a straight line path in one

440
00:16:48,039 --> 00:16:52,929
of those directions up to this point we

441
00:16:51,458 --> 00:16:54,429
knew that electrons went in straight

442
00:16:52,929 --> 00:16:56,198
paths because we could shoot them

443
00:16:54,429 --> 00:16:57,870
through the use of cathode ray tubes at

444
00:16:56,198 --> 00:17:00,219
photoluminescent pieces of film

445
00:16:57,870 --> 00:17:02,539
basically a black surface that will turn

446
00:17:00,220 --> 00:17:06,259
white once it's hit by an electron

447
00:17:02,539 --> 00:17:07,699
much like current photograph films so we

448
00:17:06,259 --> 00:17:09,980
set up our experiment where we have our

449
00:17:07,699 --> 00:17:11,509
electron gun on one side and it's

450
00:17:09,980 --> 00:17:15,199
shooting towards a photo luminescent

451
00:17:11,509 --> 00:17:16,789
film on the other side of the room when

452
00:17:15,199 --> 00:17:18,199
we shoot the gun at the film we see dots

453
00:17:16,789 --> 00:17:20,420
of light where electrons have hit the

454
00:17:18,199 --> 00:17:22,670
film and given enough time all of these

455
00:17:20,420 --> 00:17:24,980
little dots will merge together to form

456
00:17:22,670 --> 00:17:28,220
basically a bright horizontal line on

457
00:17:24,980 --> 00:17:29,870
the film surface this line represents

458
00:17:28,220 --> 00:17:33,200
all the places where electrons can hit

459
00:17:29,869 --> 00:17:35,329
the film now imagine that we put a piece

460
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:38,330
of solid film that electrons can't pass

461
00:17:35,329 --> 00:17:39,859
through in front of the gun we would

462
00:17:38,329 --> 00:17:42,259
imagine that we won't see any dots on

463
00:17:39,859 --> 00:17:45,169
the other side of the film right all

464
00:17:42,259 --> 00:17:47,660
right so now let's say we put two thin

465
00:17:45,170 --> 00:17:49,190
slits in the piece of film so that

466
00:17:47,660 --> 00:17:51,860
electrons can pass through them when the

467
00:17:49,190 --> 00:17:54,309
gun is turned on what should we expect

468
00:17:51,859 --> 00:17:57,469
to see on the other side of the film

469
00:17:54,309 --> 00:17:59,659
well if electrons act like particles as

470
00:17:57,470 --> 00:18:01,339
we used to believe then they should be

471
00:17:59,660 --> 00:18:04,160
stopped everywhere except where the

472
00:18:01,339 --> 00:18:05,959
slits have openings so on the other side

473
00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:07,850
of the film we would expect to see two

474
00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:11,090
bright spots behind where the slits are

475
00:18:07,849 --> 00:18:12,409
and no spots anywhere else this can be

476
00:18:11,089 --> 00:18:16,309
visualized like shooting paintballs

477
00:18:12,410 --> 00:18:17,690
through a window at a wall and so we

478
00:18:16,309 --> 00:18:19,579
expect that the big paint splotchy

479
00:18:17,690 --> 00:18:22,490
fizzle only in the area of the wall

480
00:18:19,579 --> 00:18:24,829
behind the window but if we turn on our

481
00:18:22,490 --> 00:18:27,650
electron gun and leave the room what we

482
00:18:24,829 --> 00:18:29,689
find is not what we expect instead of

483
00:18:27,650 --> 00:18:32,000
finding two areas of bright film behind

484
00:18:29,690 --> 00:18:34,009
the slits we find that there appear to

485
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:36,799
be bright spots going across the film at

486
00:18:34,009 --> 00:18:39,349
regular intervals even in areas where

487
00:18:36,799 --> 00:18:42,109
the slits are not present so to use the

488
00:18:39,349 --> 00:18:44,089
paintball analogy we find that the walls

489
00:18:42,109 --> 00:18:46,099
were shooting towards doesn't have paint

490
00:18:44,089 --> 00:18:48,319
only in the place where the window is in

491
00:18:46,099 --> 00:18:51,109
front of it but instead seems to have

492
00:18:48,319 --> 00:18:55,159
paint in zones like every foot apart

493
00:18:51,109 --> 00:18:56,659
across the entire wall surface it turns

494
00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:58,279
out that the electrons are acting like a

495
00:18:56,660 --> 00:19:00,620
particle when they are shot directly at

496
00:18:58,279 --> 00:19:02,420
the luminescent film but are appearing

497
00:19:00,619 --> 00:19:04,399
to act like a wave when the screen with

498
00:19:02,420 --> 00:19:06,470
the slits is placed in front of the gun

499
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:09,320
why do we say that they're acting like a

500
00:19:06,470 --> 00:19:11,410
wave well the main reason is that on the

501
00:19:09,319 --> 00:19:13,639
film they appear to behave periodically

502
00:19:11,410 --> 00:19:15,529
showing spots where electrons have hit a

503
00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:16,009
certain distance or wavelength apart

504
00:19:15,529 --> 00:19:18,918
from

505
00:19:16,009 --> 00:19:21,109
electron-dense spots so visualize a wave

506
00:19:18,919 --> 00:19:24,230
in your mind it goes up and down

507
00:19:21,109 --> 00:19:26,449
periodically and every top and every

508
00:19:24,230 --> 00:19:28,429
bottom of the wave is some distance

509
00:19:26,450 --> 00:19:30,380
apart from another top or another bottom

510
00:19:28,429 --> 00:19:33,259
and this distance is what we call the

511
00:19:30,380 --> 00:19:35,120
wave length now imagine that the wave

512
00:19:33,259 --> 00:19:37,220
was coming towards some surface so that

513
00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:40,369
the way of going up and down is going

514
00:19:37,220 --> 00:19:42,289
upward down from the surface itself in

515
00:19:40,369 --> 00:19:45,469
other words the wave is perpendicular to

516
00:19:42,289 --> 00:19:46,879
the surface so as the wave travels along

517
00:19:45,470 --> 00:19:48,798
with surface it goes up to its highest

518
00:19:46,880 --> 00:19:51,169
point then down through the surface

519
00:19:48,798 --> 00:19:54,859
towards its lowest point then back up

520
00:19:51,169 --> 00:19:56,540
and over and over again if the wave was

521
00:19:54,859 --> 00:19:59,119
of the type where it would make some

522
00:19:56,539 --> 00:20:02,329
mark on the surface where would we see

523
00:19:59,119 --> 00:20:03,759
the marks well only in all of those

524
00:20:02,329 --> 00:20:06,500
points were the wave hits the surface

525
00:20:03,759 --> 00:20:09,379
which are going to be a wavelength apart

526
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:10,759
from each other this gives us the exact

527
00:20:09,380 --> 00:20:12,980
sort of image that our two slit

528
00:20:10,759 --> 00:20:14,929
experiment resulted in there are

529
00:20:12,980 --> 00:20:17,120
periodic spots of bright film where the

530
00:20:14,929 --> 00:20:20,269
wave hits and dark film where the wave

531
00:20:17,119 --> 00:20:23,178
is either above or below the surface but

532
00:20:20,269 --> 00:20:25,099
this is insanely weird right if we use

533
00:20:23,179 --> 00:20:26,840
our paintball analogy it's like the

534
00:20:25,099 --> 00:20:28,219
paintball acts as a solid spherical

535
00:20:26,839 --> 00:20:30,558
particle when they aren't going through

536
00:20:28,220 --> 00:20:32,058
the slits but the moment they start

537
00:20:30,558 --> 00:20:35,480
going through the slits they begin

538
00:20:32,058 --> 00:20:37,940
acting in a weird wave-like pattern even

539
00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:40,250
stranger this suggests that the electron

540
00:20:37,940 --> 00:20:41,870
or paintball in our analogy doesn't seem

541
00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:44,630
to have a fixed position at any given

542
00:20:41,869 --> 00:20:46,159
time think about it as soon as it goes

543
00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:47,660
through the slit it no longer follows

544
00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:50,120
the trajectory that we would imagine it

545
00:20:47,660 --> 00:20:52,519
should instead it takes on this wave

546
00:20:50,119 --> 00:20:54,339
pattern and can appear at any of the

547
00:20:52,519 --> 00:20:56,389
positions in our wave at any given time

548
00:20:54,339 --> 00:20:59,058
the waves we're talking about aren't

549
00:20:56,390 --> 00:21:01,059
like okay the electron is going up and

550
00:20:59,058 --> 00:21:03,500
down and the waves going up and down

551
00:21:01,058 --> 00:21:06,440
what we mean is that the electron itself

552
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:09,910
is the entire wave taking on that

553
00:21:06,440 --> 00:21:09,910
pattern as it propagates through space

554
00:21:10,179 --> 00:21:16,389
as you can imagine this was a pretty

555
00:21:12,278 --> 00:21:17,648
mind-blowing result especially the fact

556
00:21:16,388 --> 00:21:19,240
that it appeared that these particles

557
00:21:17,648 --> 00:21:22,268
were behaving differently if they were

558
00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:24,609
constrained in some way so in our two

559
00:21:22,269 --> 00:21:26,138
slit experiment the electrons behaved as

560
00:21:24,609 --> 00:21:27,638
we thought they should if we didn't try

561
00:21:26,138 --> 00:21:30,069
to limit the possible place where they

562
00:21:27,638 --> 00:21:31,479
could go through the film but once we

563
00:21:30,069 --> 00:21:33,428
added the shield with the slits in it

564
00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:37,058
the particles began to act like waves

565
00:21:33,429 --> 00:21:39,909
once they pass through this was really

566
00:21:37,058 --> 00:21:41,918
intriguing and so one scientist Werner

567
00:21:39,909 --> 00:21:46,149
Heisenberg sought to try and figure out

568
00:21:41,919 --> 00:21:47,679
what the heck was going on here and it

569
00:21:46,148 --> 00:21:49,808
wasn't just Heisenberg of course they

570
00:21:47,679 --> 00:21:52,059
were loads of scientists working on this

571
00:21:49,808 --> 00:21:54,368
but Heisenberg came up with a catchy

572
00:21:52,058 --> 00:21:57,849
uncertainty principle so he's one of the

573
00:21:54,368 --> 00:21:59,259
best remembered ones first off we come

574
00:21:57,849 --> 00:22:03,099
up to something called the observer

575
00:21:59,259 --> 00:22:04,929
effect in any experiment it's impossible

576
00:22:03,099 --> 00:22:07,148
to observe a phenomenon without changing

577
00:22:04,929 --> 00:22:08,830
it in some way and this gets more and

578
00:22:07,148 --> 00:22:10,148
more important the smaller and smaller

579
00:22:08,829 --> 00:22:12,849
the things we're trying to figure out

580
00:22:10,148 --> 00:22:14,979
gets this is because to measure

581
00:22:12,849 --> 00:22:18,278
something we necessarily must perturb it

582
00:22:14,980 --> 00:22:19,860
in some way the classical example is

583
00:22:18,278 --> 00:22:21,819
that of measuring the air in your tire

584
00:22:19,859 --> 00:22:24,038
to measure the air pressure directly

585
00:22:21,819 --> 00:22:25,778
such as with a pressure gauge you

586
00:22:24,038 --> 00:22:28,269
necessarily need to remove some air from

587
00:22:25,778 --> 00:22:30,190
a tire to hit the gauge this will affect

588
00:22:28,269 --> 00:22:31,990
the pressure in the tire and thus you've

589
00:22:30,190 --> 00:22:35,080
changed your system by trying to observe

590
00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:36,759
it this effect in itself is one of the

591
00:22:35,079 --> 00:22:38,949
primary ways in which the paranormal

592
00:22:36,759 --> 00:22:41,319
turns quantum mechanics into ridiculous

593
00:22:38,950 --> 00:22:44,200
pseudoscience so just to start with let

594
00:22:41,319 --> 00:22:47,079
me state this clearly the observer here

595
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:49,569
does not need to be conscious in our

596
00:22:47,079 --> 00:22:52,178
tire example the observer is actually

597
00:22:49,569 --> 00:22:54,428
the pressure gauge not the guy holding

598
00:22:52,179 --> 00:22:56,230
the pressure gauge which I don't think

599
00:22:54,429 --> 00:22:58,809
even the most ardent paranormalists

600
00:22:56,230 --> 00:23:00,429
would argue has you know a pressure

601
00:22:58,808 --> 00:23:03,398
gauge with some kind of intrinsic

602
00:23:00,429 --> 00:23:06,220
consciousness in our two-slit experiment

603
00:23:03,398 --> 00:23:08,079
then the observer would be the slit

604
00:23:06,220 --> 00:23:09,940
themselves since we're trying to measure

605
00:23:08,079 --> 00:23:13,168
the position of our electrons by

606
00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,169
limiting where they can possibly be

607
00:23:13,789 --> 00:23:19,700
the observer effect is the basis of the

608
00:23:16,460 --> 00:23:22,190
famous Schrodinger's cat problem let's

609
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:24,289
imagine a cat in a box with a radiation

610
00:23:22,190 --> 00:23:26,870
emitting source that upon release of

611
00:23:24,289 --> 00:23:28,639
some radiation can cause a vial of

612
00:23:26,869 --> 00:23:31,789
poison to break open killing the cat

613
00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:34,280
inside there's a 50% chance that the

614
00:23:31,789 --> 00:23:36,680
viable break when the radiation triggers

615
00:23:34,279 --> 00:23:39,529
some event and a 50% chance that it

616
00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:42,580
won't all right so then if the box is

617
00:23:39,529 --> 00:23:46,639
closed is the cat alive or dead

618
00:23:42,579 --> 00:23:48,379
we can't know and so must state that the

619
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:51,009
cat is basically in a weird position

620
00:23:48,380 --> 00:23:55,040
where it is for all intents and purposes

621
00:23:51,009 --> 00:23:57,589
both alive and dead once we open the box

622
00:23:55,039 --> 00:23:58,940
we are disturbing this system and so

623
00:23:57,589 --> 00:24:00,730
we're setting the state within the box

624
00:23:58,940 --> 00:24:04,610
by our very observation

625
00:24:00,730 --> 00:24:07,809
it's a weird experiment and not one that

626
00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:07,809
I would suggest you try at home

627
00:24:10,329 --> 00:24:14,919
anyways beside the observer effect we

628
00:24:13,329 --> 00:24:17,199
also come to the problem that in order

629
00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:20,680
to measure certain quantum properties we

630
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:22,269
necessarily alter other properties for

631
00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:23,799
example in order to find out the

632
00:24:22,269 --> 00:24:25,960
position of an electron at any given

633
00:24:23,799 --> 00:24:27,669
time we need to either hit it with some

634
00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:29,799
other particles such as a photon or

635
00:24:27,670 --> 00:24:32,590
something or we need to limit where it

636
00:24:29,799 --> 00:24:34,269
can actually go but by doing this we

637
00:24:32,589 --> 00:24:37,750
introduce uncertainty to some other

638
00:24:34,269 --> 00:24:39,220
coupled variable for example position

639
00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:42,480
and momentum are inherently linked in

640
00:24:39,220 --> 00:24:42,480
this way at the quantum scale

641
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:46,940
to try to understand this better we can

642
00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:48,679
look at the mathematics of the thing

643
00:24:46,940 --> 00:24:50,600
because they are mathematically linked

644
00:24:48,679 --> 00:24:53,778
together in the wave functions that

645
00:24:50,599 --> 00:24:55,308
describe quantum particles so this can

646
00:24:53,778 --> 00:24:59,240
get really confusing and mathematical

647
00:24:55,308 --> 00:25:00,710
and I'm gonna try to make it simple but

648
00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:03,048
a good example is our description of a

649
00:25:00,710 --> 00:25:04,639
wave before when something

650
00:25:03,048 --> 00:25:06,769
mathematically is described by a wave

651
00:25:04,638 --> 00:25:08,589
function it means that it can have an

652
00:25:06,769 --> 00:25:10,759
infinite number of possible solutions

653
00:25:08,589 --> 00:25:13,009
which are linked together through some

654
00:25:10,759 --> 00:25:15,528
mathematical relation that is basically

655
00:25:13,009 --> 00:25:16,609
like the wave length so think about a

656
00:25:15,528 --> 00:25:18,528
wave that goes up to its maximum

657
00:25:16,609 --> 00:25:22,038
position then down to its minimum

658
00:25:18,528 --> 00:25:23,359
position as we go up and down vertically

659
00:25:22,038 --> 00:25:26,230
we're also moving to the right

660
00:25:23,359 --> 00:25:29,689
horizontally as we draw our way of graph

661
00:25:26,230 --> 00:25:31,460
so do it in the air with me right we go

662
00:25:29,690 --> 00:25:34,038
up and then we go down and then we go up

663
00:25:31,460 --> 00:25:35,808
and then we go down and as we go up and

664
00:25:34,038 --> 00:25:38,179
down here on our wave because the wave

665
00:25:35,808 --> 00:25:41,240
isn't touching itself we have to move it

666
00:25:38,179 --> 00:25:43,970
out horizontally so now let's start

667
00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:45,380
putting some numbers on this thing let's

668
00:25:43,970 --> 00:25:47,839
call the maximum height that the wave

669
00:25:45,380 --> 00:25:50,120
can get to positive 1 units of height

670
00:25:47,839 --> 00:25:51,980
and the trough that we draw at the

671
00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:54,798
bottom we'll call negative 1 unit of

672
00:25:51,980 --> 00:25:57,079
height this means that our wave goes up

673
00:25:54,798 --> 00:25:59,210
to 1 then goes down through zero to

674
00:25:57,079 --> 00:26:00,939
negative 1 then back up through 0

675
00:25:59,210 --> 00:26:03,798
positive 1

676
00:26:00,940 --> 00:26:07,038
ok well now let's put some values on the

677
00:26:03,798 --> 00:26:08,418
horizontal axis as well so let's say

678
00:26:07,038 --> 00:26:11,089
that the first time the wave hits

679
00:26:08,419 --> 00:26:13,940
positive 1 height we'll call this 0

680
00:26:11,089 --> 00:26:16,189
horizontal then when it hits 1 again we

681
00:26:13,940 --> 00:26:20,450
call this one horizontal Bend 2

682
00:26:16,190 --> 00:26:21,919
horizontal and on and on all right so we

683
00:26:20,450 --> 00:26:23,929
have a graph where the wave is going up

684
00:26:21,919 --> 00:26:26,389
and down and every time it hits positive

685
00:26:23,929 --> 00:26:29,450
1 we add another 1 unit to the

686
00:26:26,388 --> 00:26:32,000
horizontal axis now I can't speak for

687
00:26:29,450 --> 00:26:33,409
everyone listening to this podcast but I

688
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,808
know at least for some of my listeners

689
00:26:33,409 --> 00:26:38,750
that I know personally this is the first

690
00:26:35,808 --> 00:26:41,750
time you've drawn a graph in like 15

691
00:26:38,750 --> 00:26:46,669
years so congratulations welcome to my

692
00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:48,710
nightmare well let's say that I want to

693
00:26:46,669 --> 00:26:51,350
know where on the horizontal axis my

694
00:26:48,710 --> 00:26:53,058
wave will be at the maximum height so

695
00:26:51,349 --> 00:26:56,480
positive 1 unit in height

696
00:26:53,058 --> 00:26:59,420
what is that horizontal axis Valley

697
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:01,299
if we just imagine our wave it turns out

698
00:26:59,420 --> 00:27:04,910
that there are an infinite number of

699
00:27:01,299 --> 00:27:06,529
possible horizontal values right it's

700
00:27:04,910 --> 00:27:10,070
going to be positive one at horizontal

701
00:27:06,529 --> 00:27:13,519
zero at horizontal one at horizontal two

702
00:27:10,069 --> 00:27:15,649
and in fact will be equal to one at all

703
00:27:13,519 --> 00:27:18,230
values of the horizontal that are whole

704
00:27:15,650 --> 00:27:20,240
numbers because I'm trying to describe a

705
00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:22,579
wave something in physics that we call

706
00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:24,380
the wave function I can have an infinite

707
00:27:22,579 --> 00:27:26,990
number of possible solutions to get the

708
00:27:24,380 --> 00:27:28,790
same result in height with all of these

709
00:27:26,990 --> 00:27:31,960
solutions though being a certain set

710
00:27:28,789 --> 00:27:31,960
distance apart from one another

711
00:27:32,140 --> 00:27:36,880
this is the extremely simplified and

712
00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:38,349
definitely overly confusing mathematical

713
00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:40,960
sort of version of the uncertainty

714
00:27:38,349 --> 00:27:43,209
principle if I know what my vertical

715
00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:47,259
height is on my wave I don't necessarily

716
00:27:43,210 --> 00:27:48,579
know my horizontal position in physics

717
00:27:47,259 --> 00:27:50,140
this sort of problem happens with

718
00:27:48,579 --> 00:27:52,839
momentum and position of quantum

719
00:27:50,140 --> 00:27:54,850
particles for example so if I measure

720
00:27:52,839 --> 00:27:56,919
the position of an electron or photon I

721
00:27:54,849 --> 00:27:59,048
won't be able to definitively know the

722
00:27:56,920 --> 00:28:00,700
momentum of that particle because the

723
00:27:59,048 --> 00:28:02,980
momentum and position are related by a

724
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:04,600
wave function just like the height and

725
00:28:02,980 --> 00:28:07,990
horizontal distances of our simple

726
00:28:04,599 --> 00:28:09,699
version above so if I set the position I

727
00:28:07,990 --> 00:28:12,669
end up with an uncertain momentum and

728
00:28:09,700 --> 00:28:15,130
vice versa this is known as wavefunction

729
00:28:12,669 --> 00:28:16,570
collapse because by setting one value of

730
00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:18,460
the relationship I end up with the

731
00:28:16,569 --> 00:28:20,558
solution that gives many equally

732
00:28:18,460 --> 00:28:24,069
probable values just based on the

733
00:28:20,558 --> 00:28:25,509
properties of waves themselves this

734
00:28:24,069 --> 00:28:26,798
means that we can never know the exact

735
00:28:25,509 --> 00:28:28,929
momentum and position of quantum

736
00:28:26,798 --> 00:28:31,029
particles as well as some other linked

737
00:28:28,929 --> 00:28:34,780
variables as well which also show this

738
00:28:31,029 --> 00:28:36,759
relation with one another now this isn't

739
00:28:34,779 --> 00:28:38,769
just some like mathematical weirdness or

740
00:28:36,759 --> 00:28:41,129
formalism we're using math to describe

741
00:28:38,769 --> 00:28:43,450
what we actually see in the lab so

742
00:28:41,130 --> 00:28:45,910
wavefunction collapse is a physical

743
00:28:43,450 --> 00:28:49,840
phenomena that mathematically we can

744
00:28:45,910 --> 00:28:51,820
describe nicely using wave functions but

745
00:28:49,839 --> 00:28:53,829
that's really scary though right

746
00:28:51,819 --> 00:28:56,259
it means that things inherently are not

747
00:28:53,829 --> 00:28:58,449
deterministic but instead that the

748
00:28:56,259 --> 00:29:00,548
universe in some ways operates on

749
00:28:58,450 --> 00:29:02,500
probability because we can never

750
00:29:00,548 --> 00:29:05,650
actually define certain variables all at

751
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:07,720
once it's like saying that if I know how

752
00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:10,090
many apples I have I can't know how much

753
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:13,710
apple sauce I can make things are

754
00:29:10,089 --> 00:29:13,709
getting real weird now for physics

755
00:29:14,779 --> 00:29:18,500
this issue of the uncertainty principle

756
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:21,080
brings up some of my favorite paranormal

757
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:22,730
ridiculousness one of which is based on

758
00:29:21,079 --> 00:29:25,369
what was initially a mathematical

759
00:29:22,730 --> 00:29:27,220
formalism to fix that scariness that a

760
00:29:25,369 --> 00:29:29,859
probabilistic universe brings out in us

761
00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:32,120
this is the many-worlds hypothesis

762
00:29:29,859 --> 00:29:35,629
postulated by Hugh Everett the third in

763
00:29:32,119 --> 00:29:36,769
1957 basically this states that since we

764
00:29:35,630 --> 00:29:38,630
can't measure something without

765
00:29:36,769 --> 00:29:40,099
affecting the thing we have measured it

766
00:29:38,630 --> 00:29:42,230
does not make sense to talk about the

767
00:29:40,099 --> 00:29:45,529
final definite state that a measurement

768
00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:46,910
will result in instead we can only talk

769
00:29:45,529 --> 00:29:49,490
about the relative states that the

770
00:29:46,910 --> 00:29:50,840
measurement could result in so for

771
00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:52,819
physics to work we need to talk about

772
00:29:50,839 --> 00:29:56,449
all of the possible relative States as

773
00:29:52,819 --> 00:29:58,549
one total determinant state so like in

774
00:29:56,450 --> 00:30:01,069
Schrodinger's cat we don't talk about

775
00:29:58,549 --> 00:30:02,990
the cat being either alive or dead but

776
00:30:01,069 --> 00:30:05,779
we can talk about the final super state

777
00:30:02,990 --> 00:30:07,309
where it's one or the other basically

778
00:30:05,779 --> 00:30:09,139
this is a mathematical formalism

779
00:30:07,309 --> 00:30:10,460
creating what appear to be alternate

780
00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:12,520
worlds that represent each of the

781
00:30:10,460 --> 00:30:15,500
potential relative states that can occur

782
00:30:12,519 --> 00:30:17,569
so the cat is alive and one and dead in

783
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,150
another and a branch from one another at

784
00:30:17,569 --> 00:30:22,220
the point of observation but this

785
00:30:20,150 --> 00:30:24,470
doesn't mean that we're making alternate

786
00:30:22,220 --> 00:30:26,600
universes or something it means that

787
00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:28,850
mathematically we can treat the two

788
00:30:26,599 --> 00:30:31,309
things as part of one definite state and

789
00:30:28,849 --> 00:30:33,019
so no longer need the probability stuff

790
00:30:31,309 --> 00:30:36,679
that other quantum things like

791
00:30:33,019 --> 00:30:38,720
Heisenberg's view require incidentally

792
00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:41,150
there is an insanely good documentary on

793
00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:43,160
this guy and what a destructive effect

794
00:30:41,150 --> 00:30:45,590
his theory and people's misunderstanding

795
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:47,480
of it had on his life produced by his

796
00:30:45,589 --> 00:30:50,689
son who is the founder of one of my

797
00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:53,210
favorite bands the eels it's called

798
00:30:50,690 --> 00:30:56,420
parallel world parallel lives and I

799
00:30:53,210 --> 00:30:58,279
strongly strongly strongly suggested to

800
00:30:56,420 --> 00:31:02,930
any science history nerd or lover of

801
00:30:58,279 --> 00:31:05,480
really great music so all right back to

802
00:31:02,930 --> 00:31:07,009
atomic structure to try and fix the

803
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:08,870
model that Bohr came up with and to

804
00:31:07,009 --> 00:31:11,480
include all the craziness we just talked

805
00:31:08,869 --> 00:31:13,699
about urban Schrodinger came up with his

806
00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:16,099
model of the atom a variation of Bohr's

807
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:18,860
that place electrons into clouds of most

808
00:31:16,099 --> 00:31:20,750
likely position utilizing his work on

809
00:31:18,859 --> 00:31:23,869
describing electrons and probabilistic

810
00:31:20,750 --> 00:31:25,940
wavefunction positions so instead of an

811
00:31:23,869 --> 00:31:27,769
electron moving in a very clear causal

812
00:31:25,940 --> 00:31:28,140
path around a nucleus like a planet

813
00:31:27,769 --> 00:31:31,109
orbits

814
00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:32,790
son electrons were instead visualized as

815
00:31:31,109 --> 00:31:35,939
being present in what are now called

816
00:31:32,789 --> 00:31:38,129
orbitals these orbitals are basically

817
00:31:35,940 --> 00:31:40,440
zones of highest probability where the

818
00:31:38,130 --> 00:31:42,810
electron is to be found about 99% of the

819
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:46,430
time that you look where the electron

820
00:31:42,809 --> 00:31:46,429
has some unknown momentum as well

821
00:31:47,079 --> 00:31:51,148
this is pretty much how we view electron

822
00:31:49,118 --> 00:31:53,288
clouds today and the atomic model

823
00:31:51,148 --> 00:31:57,058
Schrodinger came up with his model in

824
00:31:53,288 --> 00:31:57,058
the late 1920s to the late 1930s

825
00:31:58,150 --> 00:32:02,780
okay so that was a not so brief primer

826
00:32:01,369 --> 00:32:06,529
on quantum mechanics in the history of

827
00:32:02,779 --> 00:32:08,960
quantum as we understand things now all

828
00:32:06,529 --> 00:32:11,450
things that are at the quantum scale so

829
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:14,329
about the size of electrons behave as

830
00:32:11,450 --> 00:32:15,799
wave particles they appear to change

831
00:32:14,329 --> 00:32:17,599
depending on how they're measured

832
00:32:15,799 --> 00:32:19,789
because certain properties that they

833
00:32:17,599 --> 00:32:22,939
take on cannot be known simultaneously

834
00:32:19,789 --> 00:32:25,369
such as momentum and position and most

835
00:32:22,940 --> 00:32:27,799
importantly this uncertainty means that

836
00:32:25,369 --> 00:32:29,779
physics at the very small scale is not

837
00:32:27,799 --> 00:32:31,669
determinant in the same way that physics

838
00:32:29,779 --> 00:32:35,509
at the macro scale or the observable

839
00:32:31,670 --> 00:32:37,009
scale things are you cannot tell with a

840
00:32:35,509 --> 00:32:39,109
hundred percent certainty where an

841
00:32:37,009 --> 00:32:41,539
electron is or how fast it's going to go

842
00:32:39,109 --> 00:32:43,750
at the same time but you can do that

843
00:32:41,539 --> 00:32:45,980
with something like a car or a baseball

844
00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:47,480
this is what is meant when we say that

845
00:32:45,980 --> 00:32:50,390
classical physics breaks down at the

846
00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:52,279
quantum scale but notice that things

847
00:32:50,390 --> 00:32:53,990
behave just as we expect them to if we

848
00:32:52,279 --> 00:32:57,500
get just a bit bigger than quantum

849
00:32:53,990 --> 00:33:00,259
particles an electron is about one one

850
00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:03,109
thousandth the radius of a proton which

851
00:33:00,259 --> 00:33:07,099
is about 0.8 4 times 10 raised to the

852
00:33:03,109 --> 00:33:09,529
negative 15th meters wide just for your

853
00:33:07,099 --> 00:33:12,529
own visualization here a human hair is

854
00:33:09,529 --> 00:33:16,879
about 17 times 10 raised to the negative

855
00:33:12,529 --> 00:33:19,430
fifth meters so protons and neutrons act

856
00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:22,100
basically like solid balls of mass just

857
00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:23,480
like a baseball but much smaller this

858
00:33:22,099 --> 00:33:25,219
means that it doesn't take a whole lot

859
00:33:23,480 --> 00:33:27,440
of extra size to get out of the quantum

860
00:33:25,220 --> 00:33:28,670
world and so attempts to normalize

861
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:31,820
quantum properties to real-world

862
00:33:28,670 --> 00:33:34,640
problems or issues are not usually very

863
00:33:31,819 --> 00:33:35,990
well founded so what are the sorts of

864
00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:39,290
paranormal things that quantum mechanics

865
00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:40,880
gets applied to you probably one of the

866
00:33:39,289 --> 00:33:43,069
most common is that the weirdness we see

867
00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:45,070
in quantum mechanics can somehow be used

868
00:33:43,069 --> 00:33:47,919
to explain free will or consciousness

869
00:33:45,069 --> 00:33:50,359
the argument goes something like this

870
00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:51,890
since the major attack on free will is

871
00:33:50,359 --> 00:33:53,389
that the particles that seem to make up

872
00:33:51,890 --> 00:33:55,910
the underlying parts of the universe are

873
00:33:53,390 --> 00:33:57,910
deterministic so they don't show any

874
00:33:55,910 --> 00:34:00,170
ability to make free choice decisions

875
00:33:57,910 --> 00:34:02,240
then it doesn't make sense that bigger

876
00:34:00,170 --> 00:34:05,509
objects such as animals or humans would

877
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:07,130
have that ability this is a form of the

878
00:34:05,509 --> 00:34:09,440
argument that items must have the same

879
00:34:07,130 --> 00:34:11,039
properties as their parts something that

880
00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:13,050
we've talked about in other episodes

881
00:34:11,039 --> 00:34:15,000
but we know that that isn't really the

882
00:34:13,050 --> 00:34:16,649
case right there are intrinsic

883
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:18,418
properties to things that seem to emerge

884
00:34:16,648 --> 00:34:20,609
when things are put into combination

885
00:34:18,418 --> 00:34:23,190
that are not present or intrinsically

886
00:34:20,610 --> 00:34:25,889
part of the underlying pieces are the

887
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:27,119
atom that make up a strawberry red do

888
00:34:25,889 --> 00:34:28,559
the subatomic particles in a

889
00:34:27,119 --> 00:34:30,259
cheeseburger tastes better than the

890
00:34:28,559 --> 00:34:32,549
particles that make up a plastic bottle

891
00:34:30,260 --> 00:34:34,409
do the particles of the brain need to

892
00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:37,320
have free will or a soul for our minds

893
00:34:34,409 --> 00:34:39,389
to exist I think the problem with this

894
00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:40,919
sort of argument generally is that it

895
00:34:39,389 --> 00:34:43,019
requires that the pieces have the same

896
00:34:40,918 --> 00:34:44,849
properties as the whole something that

897
00:34:43,019 --> 00:34:48,269
is woefully insufficient when explaining

898
00:34:44,849 --> 00:34:51,360
the world things do seem to have really

899
00:34:48,269 --> 00:34:52,559
very real emergent properties and so to

900
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,510
try and explain them away at the

901
00:34:52,559 --> 00:34:56,989
subatomic scale is misguided in my

902
00:34:54,510 --> 00:34:56,990
opinion

903
00:34:57,119 --> 00:35:00,480
some philosophers would argue that the

904
00:34:59,250 --> 00:35:02,610
solution to this is a sort of

905
00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:04,170
supervenience a system where the sum of

906
00:35:02,610 --> 00:35:06,269
the parts make something that contains

907
00:35:04,170 --> 00:35:08,909
properties that are not present in the

908
00:35:06,269 --> 00:35:11,030
individual pieces this is the kind of

909
00:35:08,909 --> 00:35:13,440
argument I just made above more or less

910
00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:16,230
but for free will people like to throw

911
00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:19,079
in quantum physics as a kind of like non

912
00:35:16,230 --> 00:35:21,809
supervenient scientific Explorer free

913
00:35:19,079 --> 00:35:24,420
will so because particles seem to not

914
00:35:21,809 --> 00:35:25,980
necessarily be fully determinate for

915
00:35:24,420 --> 00:35:27,389
instance their position and momentum are

916
00:35:25,980 --> 00:35:30,300
not determinate but they are

917
00:35:27,389 --> 00:35:32,219
probabilistic this leaves some wiggle

918
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:35,910
room for their combinations to also be

919
00:35:32,219 --> 00:35:37,349
non determinant in this view free will

920
00:35:35,909 --> 00:35:40,109
comes from the quantum effects of

921
00:35:37,349 --> 00:35:41,759
macromolecules that I guess only ever

922
00:35:40,110 --> 00:35:45,090
occur in the brain because we don't

923
00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:46,800
really see them anywhere else but as the

924
00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:48,930
explanation of quantum mechanics talked

925
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,700
about earlier most of the weirdness of

926
00:35:48,929 --> 00:35:52,980
quantum comes due to the complicated

927
00:35:50,699 --> 00:35:55,619
relationships of some of the properties

928
00:35:52,980 --> 00:35:58,679
of quantum materials such as momentum in

929
00:35:55,619 --> 00:36:00,630
position so we really do know a huge

930
00:35:58,679 --> 00:36:02,129
amount about these variables including

931
00:36:00,630 --> 00:36:04,140
the fact that we can't know the one

932
00:36:02,130 --> 00:36:07,500
exactly at the same point that we know

933
00:36:04,139 --> 00:36:09,089
the other so I can never really get my

934
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:10,860
mind around the idea that free will

935
00:36:09,090 --> 00:36:12,329
exist in this somewhat complicated

936
00:36:10,860 --> 00:36:15,900
mathematical relationship between

937
00:36:12,329 --> 00:36:17,400
properties free will seems to require

938
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:19,860
something completely separate from

939
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:21,710
physical laws because it allows us to

940
00:36:19,860 --> 00:36:24,870
work outside of their sphere in some way

941
00:36:21,710 --> 00:36:26,460
the same thing for consciousness I mean

942
00:36:24,869 --> 00:36:29,489
I can imagine that I'm flying for

943
00:36:26,460 --> 00:36:32,159
example but I can't really ever fly as I

944
00:36:29,489 --> 00:36:35,039
imagine I can also dream and have

945
00:36:32,159 --> 00:36:36,690
intensely vivid hallucinations or get

946
00:36:35,039 --> 00:36:39,659
super drunk and think that I'm far more

947
00:36:36,690 --> 00:36:41,369
charming that I really am does quantum

948
00:36:39,659 --> 00:36:43,559
mechanics really explain all of these

949
00:36:41,369 --> 00:36:45,929
extremely complicated aspects of life in

950
00:36:43,559 --> 00:36:49,500
our intake of data even from our

951
00:36:45,929 --> 00:36:51,179
surroundings the free will or

952
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:55,829
consciousness stuff almost always

953
00:36:51,179 --> 00:36:57,179
inevitably relates to ghosts this is a

954
00:36:55,829 --> 00:36:59,549
quote from a blog that I found online

955
00:36:57,179 --> 00:37:01,799
one that I hope the author will not be

956
00:36:59,550 --> 00:37:03,780
mad that I am quoting here and that goes

957
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:07,130
for all of the blog posts that I'm going

958
00:37:03,780 --> 00:37:09,150
to be quoting in this one it says quote

959
00:37:07,130 --> 00:37:10,860
mythology would tell us that ghosts are

960
00:37:09,150 --> 00:37:13,320
the lingering spirits of the dead

961
00:37:10,860 --> 00:37:15,750
balderdash ghosts are not at all the

962
00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:19,289
spirits the dead they are not in fact

963
00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:21,389
spirits at all a ghost is put simply an

964
00:37:19,289 --> 00:37:23,880
impression upon the subatomic weave of

965
00:37:21,389 --> 00:37:27,480
the universe created via strong emotion

966
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:28,710
of a sentient observer this means in

967
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:30,300
other words that goes to not the

968
00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:32,760
disembodied personalities of the dead

969
00:37:30,300 --> 00:37:36,000
and in fact they can be spirits of the

970
00:37:32,760 --> 00:37:37,260
living to understand this phenomena one

971
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,489
must first grasp one of the most

972
00:37:37,260 --> 00:37:41,010
fundamental principles of quantum

973
00:37:38,489 --> 00:37:43,889
mechanics observation changes the

974
00:37:41,010 --> 00:37:46,020
subject being observed the simple act of

975
00:37:43,889 --> 00:37:48,900
observing or measuring a particle forces

976
00:37:46,019 --> 00:37:50,460
it into an energy state unobserved a

977
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:52,470
particle may take any energy state

978
00:37:50,460 --> 00:37:54,510
available to it but when a sentient

979
00:37:52,469 --> 00:37:57,929
observer is introduced the particle

980
00:37:54,510 --> 00:37:59,430
becomes locked ghosts are created when

981
00:37:57,929 --> 00:38:01,919
the observers emotions create a

982
00:37:59,429 --> 00:38:04,799
semi-permanent indentation into the

983
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:06,450
quantum tapestry of the universe like

984
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,890
the scent of burnt toast that remains

985
00:38:06,449 --> 00:38:10,199
long after the offending bread is

986
00:38:07,889 --> 00:38:11,759
discarded ghosts or impressions of

987
00:38:10,199 --> 00:38:14,730
emotions that remain long after the

988
00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:17,070
cause has been resolved ghosts therefore

989
00:38:14,730 --> 00:38:18,420
are formed not from the dead but from

990
00:38:17,070 --> 00:38:20,789
the living and their interactions with

991
00:38:18,420 --> 00:38:22,860
the world around them the recording of

992
00:38:20,789 --> 00:38:25,289
events within the subatomic weave gives

993
00:38:22,860 --> 00:38:26,610
rise to an after image and depending on

994
00:38:25,289 --> 00:38:28,099
the intensity of the emotion and the

995
00:38:26,610 --> 00:38:30,630
permeability of the quantum state

996
00:38:28,099 --> 00:38:33,409
different types of ghosts can be created

997
00:38:30,630 --> 00:38:33,410
end quote

998
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:38,960
so I suppose the argument here is that

999
00:38:36,949 --> 00:38:40,759
ghosts are somehow emotionally leaving

1000
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:42,380
behind a blueprint on what the author

1001
00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:46,550
calls the subatomic weave of the

1002
00:38:42,380 --> 00:38:49,309
universe first off what the heck is a

1003
00:38:46,550 --> 00:38:51,140
subatomic weave I suppose that what is

1004
00:38:49,309 --> 00:38:51,920
meant here is the underlying fabric of

1005
00:38:51,139 --> 00:38:53,989
the universe

1006
00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:57,409
something like space-time as Einstein

1007
00:38:53,989 --> 00:38:58,909
described it interestingly we do know

1008
00:38:57,409 --> 00:39:01,219
that certain things can interact with

1009
00:38:58,909 --> 00:39:03,139
space-time for instance extremely

1010
00:39:01,219 --> 00:39:05,239
massive things cause changes to distort

1011
00:39:03,139 --> 00:39:08,000
space-time locally and create what we

1012
00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:09,199
feel as gravity in time dilations but

1013
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,019
nothing of this sort has ever been

1014
00:39:09,199 --> 00:39:13,339
observed on the subatomic scale and

1015
00:39:11,019 --> 00:39:15,170
frankly why again are we thinking that

1016
00:39:13,340 --> 00:39:18,140
emotions in some way create effects on

1017
00:39:15,170 --> 00:39:20,389
our subatomic atoms how is it that atoms

1018
00:39:18,139 --> 00:39:21,650
and emotions interact and if they can in

1019
00:39:20,389 --> 00:39:23,629
the way that this person is claiming

1020
00:39:21,650 --> 00:39:25,670
then could someone with extreme

1021
00:39:23,630 --> 00:39:28,490
emotional raw energy or something become

1022
00:39:25,670 --> 00:39:30,349
telekinetic I mean this is another sort

1023
00:39:28,489 --> 00:39:31,909
of argument here that if somehow we

1024
00:39:30,349 --> 00:39:33,829
could only affect the quantum states of

1025
00:39:31,909 --> 00:39:36,649
matter we may be able to cause seemingly

1026
00:39:33,829 --> 00:39:38,000
magical things to occur so we could get

1027
00:39:36,650 --> 00:39:39,740
things to levitate if we could alter

1028
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,079
space-time at the quantum scale or

1029
00:39:39,739 --> 00:39:45,019
something or how about walking through

1030
00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:46,940
walls well if you can get your atoms to

1031
00:39:45,019 --> 00:39:49,369
vibrate at the right frequency then

1032
00:39:46,940 --> 00:39:50,809
quantum wave particle duality will allow

1033
00:39:49,369 --> 00:39:53,269
you to just move right through another

1034
00:39:50,809 --> 00:39:54,710
solid object just like how our electrons

1035
00:39:53,269 --> 00:39:57,409
seem to move through the wall in the two

1036
00:39:54,710 --> 00:39:59,809
slits experiment shooting fire out of

1037
00:39:57,409 --> 00:40:01,159
your hands merely a matter of altering

1038
00:39:59,809 --> 00:40:02,960
the energy release from electron

1039
00:40:01,159 --> 00:40:06,980
orbitals to increase to such an extent

1040
00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:08,599
that you begin to combust I mean a lot

1041
00:40:06,980 --> 00:40:11,809
of these explanations are currently

1042
00:40:08,599 --> 00:40:13,190
found in both the pages of x-men and in

1043
00:40:11,809 --> 00:40:14,929
some of the poor die hard

1044
00:40:13,190 --> 00:40:17,980
quantum allows for paranormal stuff

1045
00:40:14,929 --> 00:40:17,980
communities on the web

1046
00:40:18,099 --> 00:40:22,389
anyways this author fell into the trap

1047
00:40:20,889 --> 00:40:25,690
of thinking that an observer is a

1048
00:40:22,389 --> 00:40:27,579
conscious thing observers are literally

1049
00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:30,070
anything that can make an experimental

1050
00:40:27,579 --> 00:40:32,199
observation which sure at the macro

1051
00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:35,590
scale could be your eyes but at the

1052
00:40:32,199 --> 00:40:37,179
quantum scale are most often photons so

1053
00:40:35,590 --> 00:40:39,250
do the photons that observe other

1054
00:40:37,179 --> 00:40:41,619
quantum states then see how emotional

1055
00:40:39,250 --> 00:40:44,829
the surrounding photons are it so make a

1056
00:40:41,619 --> 00:40:47,469
lasting memory furthermore how is it

1057
00:40:44,829 --> 00:40:49,239
that they create a lasting effect in

1058
00:40:47,469 --> 00:40:51,789
other words if we observe the position

1059
00:40:49,239 --> 00:40:54,549
of a photon at some time we do set its

1060
00:40:51,789 --> 00:40:56,710
position in one way of thinking I mean

1061
00:40:54,550 --> 00:40:58,380
beforehand we had only a probability but

1062
00:40:56,710 --> 00:41:02,230
now we have a set position and

1063
00:40:58,380 --> 00:41:04,480
simultaneously and unsent momentum fine

1064
00:41:02,230 --> 00:41:07,059
but if we then let the photon go back

1065
00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:08,469
into the cloud of other photons will it

1066
00:41:07,059 --> 00:41:11,829
act any differently because it has

1067
00:41:08,469 --> 00:41:13,689
previously been observed well no of

1068
00:41:11,829 --> 00:41:16,329
course it wouldn't at least I can't

1069
00:41:13,690 --> 00:41:18,610
imagine why it would it's almost a form

1070
00:41:16,329 --> 00:41:20,619
of the gamblers fallacy right that the

1071
00:41:18,610 --> 00:41:23,200
history of a set of probabilities can

1072
00:41:20,619 --> 00:41:25,359
affect the outcome of the next game like

1073
00:41:23,199 --> 00:41:27,789
I've lost ten in a row so I'm due for a

1074
00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:29,380
big win here but instead of it being

1075
00:41:27,789 --> 00:41:32,559
like gambling what you're now thinking

1076
00:41:29,380 --> 00:41:34,210
of is well this atom of hydrogen used to

1077
00:41:32,559 --> 00:41:37,719
be part of a person that was you know

1078
00:41:34,210 --> 00:41:40,030
severely emotionally damaged so this

1079
00:41:37,719 --> 00:41:42,699
hydrogen atom made an effect on the

1080
00:41:40,030 --> 00:41:47,500
quantum particles in the surrounding

1081
00:41:42,699 --> 00:41:50,309
area and now bear a ghost this this is a

1082
00:41:47,500 --> 00:41:50,309
hard one to get my mind around

1083
00:41:50,769 --> 00:41:54,489
I think ultimately they're applying a

1084
00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:57,280
scientific argument to what is actually

1085
00:41:54,489 --> 00:41:58,359
a magical way of thinking people have

1086
00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:00,340
thought that ghosts were the leftovers

1087
00:41:58,360 --> 00:42:02,710
of our consciousness since forever

1088
00:42:00,340 --> 00:42:04,150
and they're just using the easi quantum

1089
00:42:02,710 --> 00:42:08,039
mechanical argument to try and make

1090
00:42:04,150 --> 00:42:10,150
sense of this non-scientific idea

1091
00:42:08,039 --> 00:42:12,009
another version of this argument is that

1092
00:42:10,150 --> 00:42:14,380
ghosts are simply beings that exist in

1093
00:42:12,010 --> 00:42:15,940
another plane of reality one that is

1094
00:42:14,380 --> 00:42:17,619
accessible because of the ability of

1095
00:42:15,940 --> 00:42:21,130
quantum mechanical objects to seemingly

1096
00:42:17,619 --> 00:42:22,600
move into and out of reality but again

1097
00:42:21,130 --> 00:42:25,000
this is a misunderstanding of what is

1098
00:42:22,599 --> 00:42:26,409
happening in quantum mechanics the main

1099
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:28,269
argument for this is the double slit

1100
00:42:26,409 --> 00:42:30,009
experiment where it looks like the

1101
00:42:28,269 --> 00:42:31,659
quantum thing can go literally anywhere

1102
00:42:30,010 --> 00:42:34,090
it wants to in between the slit and the

1103
00:42:31,659 --> 00:42:36,368
fluorescent film but that's not the case

1104
00:42:34,090 --> 00:42:38,530
at all it's just that now it is behaving

1105
00:42:36,369 --> 00:42:40,390
like a wave I mean we can run out the

1106
00:42:38,530 --> 00:42:44,590
math to tell us where the particle can

1107
00:42:40,389 --> 00:42:46,239
hit and where it cannot hit there's no

1108
00:42:44,590 --> 00:42:47,950
reason to think that it is likely for a

1109
00:42:46,239 --> 00:42:49,559
quantum thing to just jump from one side

1110
00:42:47,949 --> 00:42:52,059
of the universe to another for example

1111
00:42:49,559 --> 00:42:53,650
let alone that the billions of billions

1112
00:42:52,059 --> 00:42:55,840
of quantum particles that make up

1113
00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:58,150
something as big as a human would do so

1114
00:42:55,840 --> 00:43:01,079
simultaneously or with any directed

1115
00:42:58,150 --> 00:43:02,820
energy or something

1116
00:43:01,079 --> 00:43:04,710
another version of this argument goes as

1117
00:43:02,820 --> 00:43:05,970
follows and this one's from a forum post

1118
00:43:04,710 --> 00:43:10,199
that I had read a while ago and

1119
00:43:05,969 --> 00:43:11,730
bookmarked quote when people say they

1120
00:43:10,199 --> 00:43:14,159
have crossed over or passed away off in

1121
00:43:11,730 --> 00:43:15,690
question cross - where does anyone

1122
00:43:14,159 --> 00:43:19,170
really know where the spirit or this

1123
00:43:15,690 --> 00:43:20,639
energy goes most religions differ on

1124
00:43:19,170 --> 00:43:23,190
this subject but many agree that an

1125
00:43:20,639 --> 00:43:24,420
energy of some sort moves on what is

1126
00:43:23,190 --> 00:43:25,800
this energy and how does it interact

1127
00:43:24,420 --> 00:43:28,380
with our world or the next

1128
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:29,910
I propose a radical but possible theory

1129
00:43:28,380 --> 00:43:31,950
that deals with quantum physics and an

1130
00:43:29,909 --> 00:43:34,829
infinite interdimensional multi universe

1131
00:43:31,949 --> 00:43:37,289
I have heard and analyzed enough EVPs

1132
00:43:34,829 --> 00:43:40,019
and other evidence overtime to suggest

1133
00:43:37,289 --> 00:43:41,940
that this is a possibility for example

1134
00:43:40,019 --> 00:43:44,099
EVPs from investigations where pictures

1135
00:43:41,940 --> 00:43:45,780
are being taken of disembodied voices

1136
00:43:44,099 --> 00:43:50,569
that were recorded saying things such as

1137
00:43:45,780 --> 00:43:50,570
I see flashes or who's there

1138
00:43:51,760 --> 00:43:55,609
there was a case several years back when

1139
00:43:54,050 --> 00:43:56,960
a business owner here in Ohio had

1140
00:43:55,608 --> 00:44:00,078
several employees seeing an apparition

1141
00:43:56,960 --> 00:44:01,789
of an Indian chief a psychic medium was

1142
00:44:00,079 --> 00:44:03,140
brought in to assist with communications

1143
00:44:01,789 --> 00:44:05,058
in the spirit of the Indian chief was

1144
00:44:03,139 --> 00:44:07,098
asked several questions as to name

1145
00:44:05,059 --> 00:44:08,960
timeframe and one in particular that

1146
00:44:07,099 --> 00:44:13,039
really interested me do you see this

1147
00:44:08,960 --> 00:44:14,659
building the answer to which was no this

1148
00:44:13,039 --> 00:44:16,429
may suggest that a spirit or the energy

1149
00:44:14,659 --> 00:44:18,259
of a being passed on may exist and

1150
00:44:16,429 --> 00:44:20,088
around possibly much like ours but in

1151
00:44:18,260 --> 00:44:22,940
another dimension that closely parallels

1152
00:44:20,088 --> 00:44:25,250
ours the spirit may see glimpses of our

1153
00:44:22,940 --> 00:44:26,750
existence as energy fluctuations much

1154
00:44:25,250 --> 00:44:30,980
like what we may see when we experience

1155
00:44:26,750 --> 00:44:32,358
an apparition and we also appear that

1156
00:44:30,980 --> 00:44:33,949
life may take on a different energy

1157
00:44:32,358 --> 00:44:35,539
transformation from one type to another

1158
00:44:33,949 --> 00:44:37,279
which would be a quantum shift or

1159
00:44:35,539 --> 00:44:38,808
transfer of this energy to another slice

1160
00:44:37,280 --> 00:44:41,809
in an infinite multi-dimensional

1161
00:44:38,809 --> 00:44:43,670
universe maybe not all current living

1162
00:44:41,809 --> 00:44:45,920
beings transform energies to human life

1163
00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:48,849
forms this alternate dimension but maybe

1164
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:48,849
become something else

1165
00:44:49,519 --> 00:44:53,150
an example of this would be a woman in

1166
00:44:51,590 --> 00:44:54,740
nineteenth-century clothing seen walking

1167
00:44:53,150 --> 00:44:56,539
the same path in a house or building

1168
00:44:54,739 --> 00:44:59,569
following a staircase down a hall that

1169
00:44:56,539 --> 00:45:00,980
vanishing into a closed door a wall the

1170
00:44:59,570 --> 00:45:02,390
apparition of the woman never interacts

1171
00:45:00,980 --> 00:45:04,219
with others and people that see her

1172
00:45:02,389 --> 00:45:07,039
comment that she appears to not notice

1173
00:45:04,219 --> 00:45:08,689
anyone around her the key here is the

1174
00:45:07,039 --> 00:45:10,759
recorded playback of this energy that

1175
00:45:08,690 --> 00:45:13,760
usually takes the same path each time it

1176
00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:15,950
has played back I believe a quantum

1177
00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:17,870
effect I believe a quantum event could

1178
00:45:15,949 --> 00:45:20,539
be the possible trigger that causes the

1179
00:45:17,869 --> 00:45:22,519
energy be seen this apparition is not an

1180
00:45:20,539 --> 00:45:24,980
intelligent spirit but rather a recorded

1181
00:45:22,519 --> 00:45:26,570
moment in time these recorded moments in

1182
00:45:24,980 --> 00:45:28,730
time have taken on others forms such as

1183
00:45:26,570 --> 00:45:30,920
objects entire rooms appearing out of

1184
00:45:28,730 --> 00:45:32,929
place for the time period and even a

1185
00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:34,610
story that amazes me still today of a

1186
00:45:32,929 --> 00:45:36,589
man hiking in the woods coming to an

1187
00:45:34,610 --> 00:45:38,120
opening in the forest and sees a valley

1188
00:45:36,590 --> 00:45:39,920
with a village that appears hundreds of

1189
00:45:38,119 --> 00:45:42,650
years out of date from the current time

1190
00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:44,079
period he watches an amazement as the

1191
00:45:42,650 --> 00:45:46,220
scene fades from his current reality

1192
00:45:44,079 --> 00:45:47,480
these stories and accounts can be found

1193
00:45:46,219 --> 00:45:51,259
all over the world and date back many

1194
00:45:47,480 --> 00:45:52,789
centuries to the pass when he shifts

1195
00:45:51,260 --> 00:45:54,260
occur they could lend to the possibility

1196
00:45:52,789 --> 00:45:56,119
of higher eeehm field and low

1197
00:45:54,260 --> 00:45:58,760
temperatures being measured during a

1198
00:45:56,119 --> 00:46:00,380
manifestation of an entity quantum

1199
00:45:58,760 --> 00:46:02,660
physics supports in theory that time is

1200
00:46:00,380 --> 00:46:04,460
not linear but exists all at once this

1201
00:46:02,659 --> 00:46:05,899
means that we move through the slices of

1202
00:46:04,460 --> 00:46:07,880
time which appeared a linear to us

1203
00:46:05,900 --> 00:46:10,010
because we base our lives on a timeline

1204
00:46:07,880 --> 00:46:11,450
of events but if we were to look at

1205
00:46:10,010 --> 00:46:13,790
these events from a quantum level things

1206
00:46:11,449 --> 00:46:15,649
would appear radically different we are

1207
00:46:13,789 --> 00:46:17,420
all made of energy what if the energy we

1208
00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:19,130
all know as our soul or spirit is

1209
00:46:17,420 --> 00:46:21,710
released and can freely move to another

1210
00:46:19,130 --> 00:46:23,059
form or dimension maybe this energy is

1211
00:46:21,710 --> 00:46:25,010
governed by the quantum laws of the

1212
00:46:23,059 --> 00:46:26,900
universe and that energy lives on in

1213
00:46:25,010 --> 00:46:28,850
that plane of existence until another

1214
00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:30,769
event at some point triggers alternate

1215
00:46:28,849 --> 00:46:33,469
transformations to other planes of

1216
00:46:30,769 --> 00:46:35,840
existence this process may go on for

1217
00:46:33,469 --> 00:46:37,399
eternity it is fact of the water

1218
00:46:35,840 --> 00:46:39,200
molecules you currently drink were many

1219
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:40,970
of the same water molecules that the

1220
00:46:39,199 --> 00:46:43,210
dinosaurs were drinking 65 million years

1221
00:46:40,969 --> 00:46:43,209
ago

1222
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:49,750
which is two hydrogen atoms bound to one

1223
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:51,280
oxygen atom creates a molecule with

1224
00:46:49,750 --> 00:46:53,380
incredible energy that can persist for

1225
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:55,780
thousands or million or even millions of

1226
00:46:53,380 --> 00:46:57,190
years so water molecules are never

1227
00:46:55,780 --> 00:46:58,810
really destroyed but recycled are

1228
00:46:57,190 --> 00:47:00,880
transformed through a chain of events

1229
00:46:58,809 --> 00:47:02,920
that has always occurred and continue to

1230
00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:04,930
occur all the time the universe is a

1231
00:47:02,920 --> 00:47:09,639
complex system of change death and birth

1232
00:47:04,929 --> 00:47:11,739
of different forms of energy so again

1233
00:47:09,639 --> 00:47:13,500
we're sort of misunderstanding the

1234
00:47:11,739 --> 00:47:16,179
multiple worlds hypothesis right and

1235
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:17,889
this idea of interdimensional travel or

1236
00:47:16,179 --> 00:47:20,500
dimensionality at all something that we

1237
00:47:17,889 --> 00:47:22,118
have discussed in previous episodes as a

1238
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:25,119
very tenuous grasp on quantum mechanics

1239
00:47:22,119 --> 00:47:28,090
generally and a pretty silly background

1240
00:47:25,119 --> 00:47:29,920
in physics overall dimensions may exist

1241
00:47:28,090 --> 00:47:31,990
out there that we don't see but which of

1242
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:33,730
some effect on this world but just like

1243
00:47:31,989 --> 00:47:35,618
the people of flatland it's nearly

1244
00:47:33,730 --> 00:47:37,420
impossible that we could even comprehend

1245
00:47:35,619 --> 00:47:40,119
if these things were to actually affect

1246
00:47:37,420 --> 00:47:43,420
us save utilizing mathematical concepts

1247
00:47:40,119 --> 00:47:44,920
to describe things as we do now even

1248
00:47:43,420 --> 00:47:46,510
more interesting is that this idea that

1249
00:47:44,920 --> 00:47:48,280
quantum mechanics has some memory or

1250
00:47:46,510 --> 00:47:50,020
that quantum mechanical objects will

1251
00:47:48,280 --> 00:47:52,480
behave differently based on how they

1252
00:47:50,019 --> 00:47:54,159
have behaved in the past this is a

1253
00:47:52,480 --> 00:47:56,230
rather subtle form of magical thinking

1254
00:47:54,159 --> 00:47:59,889
but one that we all really suffer from

1255
00:47:56,230 --> 00:48:01,449
in many ways I know I do we think that

1256
00:47:59,889 --> 00:48:04,089
the pass of an object leaves some mark

1257
00:48:01,449 --> 00:48:05,699
on it so for example no one wants to buy

1258
00:48:04,090 --> 00:48:07,780
a house where a murder happened right

1259
00:48:05,699 --> 00:48:09,219
what about keeping old clothes from

1260
00:48:07,780 --> 00:48:12,100
loved ones or objects that they

1261
00:48:09,219 --> 00:48:15,039
frequently used or items that belong to

1262
00:48:12,099 --> 00:48:16,779
a famous singer ultimately the knife

1263
00:48:15,039 --> 00:48:18,730
that Elvis used to make his evening

1264
00:48:16,780 --> 00:48:21,040
toast is the same as any other knife at

1265
00:48:18,730 --> 00:48:22,480
the atomic scale but we think of them as

1266
00:48:21,039 --> 00:48:25,719
special because they've been touched by

1267
00:48:22,480 --> 00:48:27,490
something extraordinary religious items

1268
00:48:25,719 --> 00:48:29,858
of course end up with this same Sheen I

1269
00:48:27,489 --> 00:48:31,358
mean the number of churches I've been to

1270
00:48:29,858 --> 00:48:33,369
that claim to have some relic of a saint

1271
00:48:31,358 --> 00:48:36,819
only to find that it is something like

1272
00:48:33,369 --> 00:48:38,858
Saint Elizabeth sewing kit actually kind

1273
00:48:36,820 --> 00:48:40,600
of funny story about that when I was a

1274
00:48:38,858 --> 00:48:42,909
kid I took a trip to Italy to visit my

1275
00:48:40,599 --> 00:48:44,769
relatives and was told that our town is

1276
00:48:42,909 --> 00:48:48,069
world famous for being the resting place

1277
00:48:44,769 --> 00:48:49,960
for the bones of st. Nicholas so I like

1278
00:48:48,070 --> 00:48:52,660
aged 8 I found out that not only was

1279
00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:55,199
Santa Claus long dead but his bones are

1280
00:48:52,659 --> 00:48:57,789
in a town on the southern coast of Italy

1281
00:48:55,199 --> 00:48:59,500
now if that isn't an awesome beginning

1282
00:48:57,789 --> 00:49:02,460
to the Christmas season of episodes

1283
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:02,460
then I don't know what is

1284
00:49:02,630 --> 00:49:07,608
anyways objects don't really have a

1285
00:49:05,478 --> 00:49:09,528
history in that kind of way at least

1286
00:49:07,608 --> 00:49:11,048
molecules and atoms certainly don't and

1287
00:49:09,528 --> 00:49:15,318
they don't even have some kind of

1288
00:49:11,048 --> 00:49:16,759
sentimental history either I mean if I

1289
00:49:15,318 --> 00:49:18,579
take a water molecule and break it apart

1290
00:49:16,759 --> 00:49:20,929
to its two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen

1291
00:49:18,579 --> 00:49:22,460
those atoms won't act any differently

1292
00:49:20,929 --> 00:49:25,009
than if I took them apart from say like

1293
00:49:22,460 --> 00:49:27,739
sodium hydroxide which contains one

1294
00:49:25,009 --> 00:49:29,748
oxygen in one hydrogen the hydrogen and

1295
00:49:27,739 --> 00:49:33,139
oxygen will still act exactly the same

1296
00:49:29,748 --> 00:49:34,608
as if it came from water physical matter

1297
00:49:33,139 --> 00:49:36,308
doesn't behave differently because of

1298
00:49:34,608 --> 00:49:38,748
what it may have been doing previously I

1299
00:49:36,309 --> 00:49:40,130
think the confusion here really comes

1300
00:49:38,748 --> 00:49:43,248
from the multiplied world hypothesis

1301
00:49:40,130 --> 00:49:44,720
again as stated earlier basically it

1302
00:49:43,248 --> 00:49:46,368
appears that measuring something at some

1303
00:49:44,719 --> 00:49:48,768
point creates multiple different

1304
00:49:46,369 --> 00:49:51,318
timelines and so shouldn't quantum

1305
00:49:48,768 --> 00:49:54,018
objects be affected by which timeline of

1306
00:49:51,318 --> 00:49:56,058
observation they are a part of I mean

1307
00:49:54,018 --> 00:49:57,348
it's an interesting argument but one

1308
00:49:56,059 --> 00:49:59,720
that I think if we take it to the

1309
00:49:57,349 --> 00:50:02,150
macroscale no longer holds any water as

1310
00:49:59,719 --> 00:50:03,978
is the case with most quantum mechanical

1311
00:50:02,150 --> 00:50:07,219
explanations of macro sized observations

1312
00:50:03,978 --> 00:50:09,259
and don't even get me started on the

1313
00:50:07,219 --> 00:50:13,190
argument about time being circular or

1314
00:50:09,259 --> 00:50:17,059
linear or whatever time is an episode

1315
00:50:13,190 --> 00:50:20,389
all on its own but basically quantum

1316
00:50:17,059 --> 00:50:22,969
mechanics doesn't really have anything

1317
00:50:20,389 --> 00:50:25,179
to do with time besides I guess the fact

1318
00:50:22,969 --> 00:50:28,778
that time is a variable in most of their

1319
00:50:25,179 --> 00:50:28,778
mathematical forms

1320
00:50:29,269 --> 00:50:34,460
so can quantum mechanics explain ghosts

1321
00:50:31,960 --> 00:50:37,429
even if they are just impressions on our

1322
00:50:34,460 --> 00:50:40,579
time leftover by the very sad very angry

1323
00:50:37,429 --> 00:50:42,919
quantum particles of the past I don't

1324
00:50:40,579 --> 00:50:44,719
really think so I find the argument that

1325
00:50:42,920 --> 00:50:46,940
ghosts or some sort of soul much more

1326
00:50:44,719 --> 00:50:47,839
compelling personally and really much

1327
00:50:46,940 --> 00:50:49,760
more illogical

1328
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:52,220
I mean ghosts aren't supposed to be

1329
00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:54,020
physical things souls aren't supposed to

1330
00:50:52,219 --> 00:50:55,609
be bound to our brains there seems to be

1331
00:50:54,019 --> 00:50:58,190
something lacking in all these arguments

1332
00:50:55,610 --> 00:51:00,050
and then having a soul or ghosts that is

1333
00:50:58,190 --> 00:51:01,909
merely some effect of quantum mechanics

1334
00:51:00,050 --> 00:51:03,980
takes away a lot of the really

1335
00:51:01,909 --> 00:51:07,789
interesting properties one would hope or

1336
00:51:03,980 --> 00:51:09,710
expect a ghost or soul to have if we

1337
00:51:07,789 --> 00:51:10,400
have free will or consciousness or a

1338
00:51:09,710 --> 00:51:12,470
soul

1339
00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:14,750
shouldn't that be more significant than

1340
00:51:12,469 --> 00:51:17,000
just being probabilistic wiggle room for

1341
00:51:14,750 --> 00:51:19,789
us to take like one choice versus

1342
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:21,409
another and it really doesn't get rid of

1343
00:51:19,789 --> 00:51:23,630
the major problem when trying to bring

1344
00:51:21,409 --> 00:51:25,039
the physical body and the spiritual soul

1345
00:51:23,630 --> 00:51:27,260
together in the first place

1346
00:51:25,039 --> 00:51:28,730
I mean the issue is that the body

1347
00:51:27,260 --> 00:51:31,280
doesn't seem to have the properties that

1348
00:51:28,730 --> 00:51:33,409
the soul has there is no explanation in

1349
00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:35,330
modern science for how the particles

1350
00:51:33,409 --> 00:51:36,980
that ultimately make up the brain can

1351
00:51:35,329 --> 00:51:39,799
cause something like a consciousness or

1352
00:51:36,980 --> 00:51:41,539
a soul to exist to say that it's because

1353
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:43,640
of some unobserved quantum mechanical

1354
00:51:41,539 --> 00:51:46,550
effect that we can't currently explain

1355
00:51:43,639 --> 00:51:48,500
is in this way this exact same argument

1356
00:51:46,550 --> 00:51:50,660
as saying that it's a supervenient

1357
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:52,369
effect of the brain itself or just

1358
00:51:50,659 --> 00:51:55,339
something supernatural that we can't

1359
00:51:52,369 --> 00:51:58,039
know in the first place in either case

1360
00:51:55,340 --> 00:51:59,358
the problem still exists how is it that

1361
00:51:58,039 --> 00:52:01,670
the brain seems to have consciousness

1362
00:51:59,358 --> 00:52:04,909
when the atoms that make up the brain do

1363
00:52:01,670 --> 00:52:07,519
not and again primarily what we're doing

1364
00:52:04,909 --> 00:52:09,559
here is shifting from a magical argument

1365
00:52:07,519 --> 00:52:11,989
to a magical argument that uses science

1366
00:52:09,559 --> 00:52:14,029
as a smokescreen we didn't get rid of

1367
00:52:11,989 --> 00:52:16,129
the idea of witches moving about objects

1368
00:52:14,030 --> 00:52:17,930
we just now assume that it's due to

1369
00:52:16,130 --> 00:52:20,140
their ability to wage quantum mechanics

1370
00:52:17,929 --> 00:52:22,579
to create localized errors in space-time

1371
00:52:20,139 --> 00:52:24,799
we still have things seemingly to flit

1372
00:52:22,579 --> 00:52:26,299
into an out of existence but now instead

1373
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:28,250
of it being a demon that's doing this

1374
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:29,840
it's an alien that has some advanced

1375
00:52:28,250 --> 00:52:32,030
technology letting them play with

1376
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:36,200
quantum mechanics to phase in and out of

1377
00:52:32,030 --> 00:52:38,590
our space quantum mechanics is

1378
00:52:36,199 --> 00:52:40,879
fascinating and extremely weird and

1379
00:52:38,590 --> 00:52:42,180
seriously insanely hard to describe

1380
00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:44,818
mathematically

1381
00:52:42,179 --> 00:52:46,528
but unfortunately it doesn't cause all

1382
00:52:44,818 --> 00:52:48,750
that much weirdness on the macroscale

1383
00:52:46,528 --> 00:52:50,429
and it certainly can't be used to

1384
00:52:48,750 --> 00:52:52,010
explain away something as complex and

1385
00:52:50,429 --> 00:52:56,278
strange as our consciousness or our

1386
00:52:52,010 --> 00:52:57,539
seeming ability to make free choices so

1387
00:52:56,278 --> 00:52:59,159
I wouldn't hold my breath for our

1388
00:52:57,539 --> 00:53:01,170
evidence of ghosts to come from the

1389
00:52:59,159 --> 00:53:02,278
world of quantum mechanics and I

1390
00:53:01,170 --> 00:53:04,220
wouldn't worry about falling through the

1391
00:53:02,278 --> 00:53:08,838
floor because your particles somehow all

1392
00:53:04,219 --> 00:53:08,838
instantaneously began to act like waves

1393
00:53:09,139 --> 00:53:11,199
you

1394
00:53:11,349 --> 00:53:16,360
that's it for this month's episode I'm

1395
00:53:14,349 --> 00:53:18,789
hoping to be back in like another two

1396
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:20,860
weeks with another episode assuming that

1397
00:53:18,789 --> 00:53:22,840
the holiday riding goes well when I'm in

1398
00:53:20,860 --> 00:53:25,059
New York for Thanksgiving as always you

1399
00:53:22,840 --> 00:53:27,280
can find me on Twitter Instagram a pod

1400
00:53:25,059 --> 00:53:29,500
mean and Facebook by searching for the

1401
00:53:27,280 --> 00:53:31,180
mad scientist podcast and clicking on

1402
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:34,090
the one that has a jack-o'-lantern for a

1403
00:53:31,179 --> 00:53:37,299
logo that jack-o'-lantern logo was

1404
00:53:34,090 --> 00:53:40,180
designed by Kerri Shaheen in the future

1405
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:42,100
I'm hoping and not only of sponsors but

1406
00:53:40,179 --> 00:53:43,480
also to feature a not yet famous band

1407
00:53:42,099 --> 00:53:45,789
with some music that they would like to

1408
00:53:43,480 --> 00:53:47,679
share my start in performing for an

1409
00:53:45,789 --> 00:53:49,420
audience I guess was as a part of a ska

1410
00:53:47,679 --> 00:53:51,039
band in Staten Island New York and I

1411
00:53:49,420 --> 00:53:53,170
would absolutely love to help get the

1412
00:53:51,039 --> 00:53:55,509
word out about you or your friends music

1413
00:53:53,170 --> 00:53:57,400
if you haven't and that's to say if your

1414
00:53:55,510 --> 00:53:59,680
friends have any music not if you have

1415
00:53:57,400 --> 00:54:00,910
any friends please send me a message if

1416
00:53:59,679 --> 00:54:04,529
you would like your music featured

1417
00:54:00,909 --> 00:54:04,529
thanks again for listening